Green Tea

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Green Tea contains a substance called epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) which is a potent insulin sensitizer, improving glucose tolerance and reducing the risk of Type II diabetes developing.  EGCG also re reduces the amount of glucose produced by the liver.  It does this at a genetic level through reducing the number of messenger RNAs that direct liver cells to produce the enzymes involved in the creation of glucose.
A study in the Journal of the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2010 found that drinking green tea (or taking green tea supplements equal to 300 mg EGCG) with a meal increased fat oxidation or “fat-burning” in layman’s terms by 33%.  Interestingly, higher doses of EGCG did not!  Green tea contains 3 compounds which could contribute to fat loss – catechins like EGCG, theanine and caffeine.  For this reason, it may be better to drink the tea rather than take an isolated supplement.

Additional research published in 2012 found that epigallocatechin-3-gallate, or EGCG, one of the main active components of green tea, when fed to mice along with a starchy meal, reduced the spike in blood glucose levels afterwards by around 50%.  The dose of EGCG fed to the mice was the equivalent of around one and a half cups of green tea for a human.  The green tea extract did not have any effect on blood sugar levels when fed with simple sugars such as glucose or maltose, so it is likely that the compound reduces the speed at which starches are broken down into their component sugars.  An enzyme called alpha-amylase that is produced in both the mouth and by the pancreas helps break down starch into maltose and glucose. EGCG may inhibit the enzymes ability to break down the starch, the researchers indicated, since they also found that EGCG reduced the activity of alpha amylase in the pancreas by 34 percent.

Green tea increases the rate of thermogenesis, or the rate at which the body converts calories ingested in to heat.  This is likely to be due to the effect of both caffeine and EGCG.

The average cup of tea contains between 50 mg and 150 mg of polyphenols, of which between half and three quarters are likely to be EGCG.

Additionally, green tea has a laundry list of many other health benefits, including anti-cancer properties, liver protective effects, protecting against kidney and periodontal disease, cognitive decline, Alzheimers’ disease, Parkinsons’ disease and osteoporosis, contains plenty of antioxidants as well as having anti-inflammatory and blood thinning properties. It even inhibits the replication of the ‘flu’ virus, which would help to prevent or lessen the duration and severity of the ‘flu’!  Of less interest to most women with PCOS, is the effect green tea has against prostate cancer.

TIP: Take a little black pepper with the green tea to increase the absorption of EGCG by 130%!  A substance in black pepper, piperine, is commonly used to increase the absorption of nutrients and phytochemicals (such as EGCG).

Of particular importance to women with PCOS are it’s cardioprotective effects.  Studies have found a lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease and stroke in subjects who drink green tea.  Green tea has been shown to effectively lower the risk of atherosclerosis by lowering LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid peroxides (free radicals that damage LDL cholesterol and other lipids or fats) and fibrinogen (a protein in the blood involved in the formation of blood clots), while improving the ratio of LDL (bad) to HDL (good) cholesterol.  Green tea has also been found to lower elevated blood pressure and prevent hypertension from developing.  All of this is great news for women with PCOS, as high insulin levels are known to increase LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure whilst decreasing the amount of HDL cholesterol.

In a study published in the November 2004 issue of the International Journal of Cancer, consuming just one cup of green tea a day was associated with a 56% lower rate of death from ovarian cancer (in those who already had the disease) over the three year period of the study.   It turns out that green tea suppresses the growth of ovarian cancer cells, as well as inducing apoptosis or programmed cell death.

TIP: Brew the tea for at least 10 minutes to ensure that the active ingredients dissolve into the water.  A typical cup of green tea can contain anywhere between 20-110 mg of EGCG.

CAUTION:  Green tea inhibits the absorption of iron and folate.  If you suffer from anaemia or eat a diet very low in iron, such as a vegetarian or vegan diet, then you may need to restrict your green tea intake.  Drinking large quantities of green tea during early pregnancy can increase the risk of spina bifida and neural tube defects, if folate is not supplemented.

   Buy a 1-month supply for just $7.50 here

 

More information:

Arpita Basu, PhD, RD, Karah Sanchez, MS, RD, Misti J Leyva, MS, RD, Mingyuan Wu, MD, PhD, Nancy M Betts, PhD, RD, Christopher E Aston, PhD and Timothy J Lyons, MD, FRCP.   Green Tea Supplementation Affects Body Weight, Lipids, and Lipid Peroxidation in Obese Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome  J Amer College of Nutrition, Vol. 29, No. 1, 31-40 (2010)  http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/abstract/29/1/31

Thielecke F, Rahn G, Böhnke J, Adams F, Birkenfeld AL, Jordan J, Boschmann M.  Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and postprandial fat oxidation in overweight/obese male volunteers: a pilot study.  Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jul;64(7):704-13. Epub 2010 Apr 7.   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Epigallocatechin-3-gallate+and+postprandial+fat+oxidation+in+overweight/obese+male+volunteers&TransSchema=title&cmd=detailssearch

Zheng G, Sayama K, Okubo T, Juneja LR, Oguni I. Anti-obesity effects of three major components of green tea, catechins, caffeine and theanine, in mice. In Vivo. 2004 Jan-Feb;18(1):55-62. 2004. PMID:15011752.

Azam S, Hadi N, Khan NU, Hadi SM. Prooxidant property of green tea polyphenols epicatechin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate: implications for anticancer properties. Toxicol In Vitro. 2004 Oct;18(5):555-61. 2004. PMID:15251172.

Baek SJ, Kim JS, Jackson FR, Eling TE, McEntee MF, Lee SH. Epicatechin gallate-induced expression of NAG-1 is associated with growth inhibition and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 2004 Aug 12; [Epub ahead of print] 2004. PMID:15308587.

Bastianetto S, Yao ZX, Papadopoulos V, Quirion R. Neuroprotective effects of green and black teas and their catechin gallate esters against beta-amyloid-induced toxicity. Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Jan;23(1):55-64. 2006. PMID:16420415.

Chen D, Daniel KG, Kuhn DJ, Kazi A, Bhuiyan M, Li L, Wang Z, Wan SB, Lam WH, Chan TH, Dou QP. Green tea and tea polyphenols in cancer prevention. Front Biosci. 2004 Sep 01;9:2618-31. 2004. PMID:15358585.

Chen JH, Tipoe GL, Liong EC, So HS, Leung KM, Tom WM, Fung PC, Nanji AA. Green tea polyphenols prevent toxin-induced hepatotoxicity in mice by down-regulating inducible nitric oxide-derived prooxidants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):742-51. 2004. PMID:15321817.

Choi YB, Kim YI, Lee KS, Kim BS, Kim DJ. Protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate on brain damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Brain Res. 2004 Sep 3;1019(1-2):47-54. 2004. PMID:15306237.

Coimbra S, Castro E, Rocha-Pereira P, Rebelo I, Rocha S, Santos-Silva A. The effect of green tea in oxidative stress. Clin Nutr. 2006 Oct;25(5):790-6. Epub 2006 May 15. 2006. PMID:16698148.

Coimbra S, Santos-Silva A, Rocha-Pereira P, Rocha S, Castro E. Green tea consumption improves plasma lipid profiles in adults. Nutr Res. 2006 Nov;26(11):604-7. 2006.

Devine A, Hodgson JM, Dick IM, Prince RL. Tea drinking is associated with benefits on bone density in older women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;86(4):1243-7. 2007. PMID:17921409.

Donovan JL, Chavin KD, Devane CL, Taylor RM, Wang JS, Ruan Y, Markowitz JS. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract does not alter cytochrome p450 3A4 or 2D6 activity in healthy volunteers. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Sep;32(9):906-8. 2004. PMID:15319329.

Eckert RL, Crish JF, Efimova T, Balasubramanian S. Antioxidants regulate normal human keratinocyte differentiation. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Sep 15;68(6):1125-31. 2004. PMID:15313409.

Fassina G, Vene R, Morini M, Minghelli S, Benelli R, Noonan DM, Albini A. Mechanisms of inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and vascular tumor growth by epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Jul 15;10(14):4865-73. 2004. PMID:15269163.

Gates MA, Tworoger SS, Hecht JL, De Vivo I, Rosner B, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of dietary flavonoid intake and incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer. 2007 Apr 30; [Epub ahead of print] 2007. PMID:17471564.

Geetha T, Garg A, Chopra K, Pal Kaur I. Delineation of antimutagenic activity of catechin, epicatechin and green tea extract. Mutat Res. 2004 Nov 22;556(1-2):65-74. 2004. PMID:15491633.

Ghosh KS, Maiti TK, Dasgupta S. Green tea polyphenols as inhibitors of ribonuclease A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Dec 17;325(3):807-11. 2004. PMID:15541362.

Gouni-Berthold I, Sachinidis A. Molecular mechanisms explaining the preventive effects of catechins on the development of proliferative diseases. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10(11):1261-71. 2004. PMID:15078140.

Haque AM, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, Tanabe Y, Hara Y, Shido O. Long-term administration of green tea catechins improves spatial cognition learning ability in rats. J Nutr. 2006 Apr;136(4):1043-7. 2006. PMID:16549472.

Huh SW, Bae SM, Kim YW, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Lee IP, Kim SH, Kim CK, Ahn WS. Anticancer effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Gynecol Oncol. 2004 Sep;94(3):760-8. 2004. PMID:15350370.

Ikeda I, Tsuda K, Suzuki Y, Kobayashi M, Unno T, Tomoyori H, Goto H, Kawata Y, Imaizumi K, Nozawa A, Kakuda T. Tea catechins with agalloyl moiety suppress postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia by delaying lymphatic transport of dietary fat in rats. J Nutr. 2005 Feb;135(2):155-9. 2005. PMID:15671206.

Ju J, Liu Y, Hong J, Huang MT, Conney AH, Yang CS. Effects of green tea and high-fat diet on arachidonic acid metabolism and aberrant crypt foci formation in an azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis mouse model. Nutr Cancer. 2003;46(2):172-8. 2003. PMID:14690793.

Juhel C, Armand M, Pafumi Y, Rosier C, Vandermander J, Lairon D. Green tea extract (AR25(R)) inhibits lipolysis of triglycerides in gastric and duodenal medium in vitro. J Nutr Biochem. 2000 Jan;11(1):45-51. 2000. PMID:15539342.

Kim DW, Park YS, Kim YG, Piao H, Kwon JS, Hwang KK, Youn TJ, Park JB, Yun YP, Sachinidis A, Kim CH, Cho MC, Ahn HY. Local delivery of green tea catechins inhibits neointimal formation in the rat carotid artery injury model. Heart Vessels. 2004 Sep;19(5):242-7. 2004. PMID:15372300.

Koo MW, Cho CH. Pharmacological effects of green tea on the gastrointestinal system. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 1;500(1-3):177-85. 2004. PMID:15464031.

Koyama Y, Abe K, Sano Y, Ishizaki Y, Njelekela M, Shoji Y, Hara Y, Isemura M. Effects of Green Tea on Gene Expression of Hepatic Gluconeogenic Enzymes in vivo. Planta Med. 2004 Nov;70(11):1100-1102. 2004. PMID:15549673.

Kuriyama S, Hozawa A, Ohmori K, Shimazu T, Matsui T, Ebihara S, Awata S, Nagatomi R, Arai H, Tsuji I. Green tea consumption and cognitive function: a cross-sectional study from the Tsurugaya Project 1. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Feb;83(2):355-61. 2006. PMID:16469995.

Kuriyama S, Shimazu T, Ohmori K, Kikuchi N, Nakaya N, Nishino Y, Tsubono Y, Tsuji I. Green tea consumption and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in Japan: the Ohsaki study. JAMA. 2006 Sep 13;296(10):1255-65. 2006. PMID:16968850.

Lambert JD, Hong J, Kim DH, Mishin VM, Yang CS. Piperine enhances the bioavailability of the tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice. J Nutr. 2004 Aug;134(8):1948-52. 2004. PMID:15284381.

Larsson SC, Wolk A. Tea consumption and ovarian cancer risk in a population-based cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Dec 12-26;165(22):2683-6. 2005. PMID:16344429.

Levites Y, Amit T, Youdim MB, Mandel S. Involvement of protein kinase C activation and cell survival/ cell cycle genes in green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate neuroprotective action. J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 23;277(34):30574-80. 2002. PMID:12058035.

Liu YJ, Pan BS. Inhibition of fish gill lipoxygenase and blood thinning effects of green tea extract. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jul 28;52(15):4860-4. 2004. PMID:15264926.

Lorenz M, Jochmann N, von Krosigk A, Martus P, Baumann G, Stangl K, Stangl V. Addition of milk prevents vascular protective effects of tea. Eur Heart J. 2007 Jan;28(2):219-23. Epub 2007 Jan 9. 2007. PMID:17213230.

Lu QY, Jin YS, Pantuck A, Zhang ZF, Heber D, Belldegrun A, Brooks M, Figlin R, Rao J. Green tea extract modulates actin remodeling via Rho activity in an in vitro multistep carcinogenic model. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Feb 15;11(4):1675-83. 2005. PMID:15746073.

Mandel S, Youdim MB. Catechin polyphenols: neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Aug 1;37(3):304-17. 2004. PMID:15223064.

Mei Y, Qian F, Wei D, Liu J. Reversal of cancer multidrug resistance by green tea polyphenols. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2004 Oct;56(10):1307-14. 2004. PMID:15482646.

Mittal A, Pate MS, Wylie RC, Tollefsbol TO, Katiyar SK. EGCG down-regulates telomerase in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells, leading to suppression of cell viability and induction of apoptosis. Int J Oncol. 2004 Mar;24(3):703-10. 2004. PMID:14767556.

Mohamadin AM, El-Beshbishy HA, El-Mahdy MA. Green tea extract attenuates cyclosporine A-induced oxidative stress in rats. Pharmacol Res. 2005 Jan;51(1):51-7. 2005. PMID:15519535.

Muraki S, Yamamoto S, Oka H, Yoshimura N, Kawaguchi, H, Orimo H, Nakamura K. Green tea drinking is associated with increased bone mineral density in elderly women. Study P187SA, presented at the International Osteoporosis Foundation World Congress on Osteoporosis, Toronto, Canada, June 5, 2006. 2006.

Murase T, Haramizu S, Shimotoyodome A, Nagasawa A, Tokimitsu I. Green tea extract improves endurance capacity and increases muscle lipid oxidation in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004 Nov 24; [Epub ahead of print] 2004. PMID:15563575.

Nagao T, Komine Y, Soga S, Meguro S, Hase T, Tanaka Y, Tokimitsu I. Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jan;81(1):122-9. 2005. PMID:15640470.

Navarro-Peran E, Cabezas-Herrera J, Garcia-Canovas F, Durrant MC, Thorneley RN, Rodriguez-Lopez JN. The antifolate activity of tea catechins. Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 15;65(6):2059-64. 2005. PMID:15781612.

Negishi H, Xu JW, Ikeda K, Njelekela M, Nara Y, Yamori Y. Black and green tea polyphenols attenuate blood pressure increases in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Nutr. 2004 Jan;134(1):38-42. 2004. PMID:14704290.

Ostrowska J, Luczaj W, Kasacka I, Rozanski A, Skrzydlewska E. Green tea protects against ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation in rat organs. Alcohol. 2004 Jan;32(1):25-32. 2004. PMID:15066700.

Ouyang P, Peng WL, Lai WY, Xu AL. Green tea polyphenols inhibit low-density lipoprotein-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2004 Sep;24(9):975-9. 2004. PMID:15447839.

Ouyang P, Peng WL, Xu DL, Lai WY, Xu AL. Green tea polyphenols inhibit advanced glycation end product-induced rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2004 Mar;24(3):247-51. 2004. PMID:15041533.

Park HJ, Shin DH, Chung WJ, Leem K, Yoon SH, Hong MS, Chung JH, Bae JH, Hwang JS. Epigallocatechin gallate reduces hypoxia-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Life Sci. 2006 Jan 26; [Epub ahead of print] 2006. PMID:16445947.

Reznichenko L, Amit T, Zheng H, Avramovich-Tirosh Y, Youdim MB, Weinreb O, Mandel S. Reduction of iron-regulated amyloid precursor protein and beta-amyloid peptide by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in cell cultures: implications for iron chelation in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem. 2006 Mar 15; [Epub ahead of print] 2006. PMID:16539659.

Sakanaka S, Okada Y. Inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenols on the production of a virulence factor of the periodontal-disease-causing anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Mar 24;52(6):1688-92. 2004. PMID:15030231.

Saleem M, Adhami VM, Siddiqui IA, Mukhtar H. Tea beverage in chemoprevention of prostate cancer: a mini-review. Nutr Cancer. 2003;47(1):13-23. 2003. PMID:14769533.

Sano J, Inami S, Seimiya K, Ohba T, Sakai S, Takano T, Mizuno K. Effects of green tea intake on the development of coronary artery disease. Circ J. 2004 Jul;68(7):665-70. 2004. PMID:15226633.

Sartippour MR, Heber D, Henning S, Elashoff D, Elashoff R, Rubio R, Zhang L, Norris A, Brooks MN. cDNA microarray analysis of endothelial cells in response to green tea reveals a suppressive phenotype. Int J Oncol. 2004 Jul;25(1):193-202. 2004. PMID:15202006.

Sasazuki S, Kodama H, et al. Relation between green tea consumption and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis among Japanese men and women. Ann Epidemiol 2000 Aug;10(6):401-8 2000.

Shirai N, Suzuki H. Effects of Western, Vegetarian, and Japanese dietary fat model diets with or without green tea extract on the plasma lipids and glucose, and liver lipids in mice. A long-term feeding experiment. Ann Nutr Metab. 2004;48(2):95-102. Epub 2004 Feb 25. 2004. PMID:14988639.

Siddiqui IA, Afaq F, Adhami VM, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Antioxidants of the beverage tea in promotion of human health. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2004 Jun;6(3):571-82. 2004. PMID:15130283.

Son DJ, Cho MR, Jin YR, Kim SY, Park YH, Lee SH, Akiba S, Sato T, Yun YP. Antiplatelet effect of green tea catechins: a possible mechanism through arachidonic acid pathway. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004 Jul;71(1):25-31. 2004. PMID:15172681.

Song JM, Lee KH, Seong BL. Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus. Antiviral Res. 2005 Nov;68(2):66-74. Epub 2005 Aug 9. 2005. PMID:16137775.

Stephanou A. Role of STAT-1 and STAT-3 in ischaemia/reperfusion injury. J Cell Mol Med. 2004 Oct-Dec;8(4):519-25. 2004. PMID:15601580.

Sugiyama T, Sadzuka Y. Theanine, a specific glutamate derivative in green tea, reduces the adverse reactions of doxorubicin by changing the glutathione level. Cancer Lett. 2004 Aug 30;212(2):177-84. 2004. PMID:15279898.

Sun CL, Yuan JM, Koh WP, Yu MC. Green tea, black tea and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Carcinogenesis. 2006 Jul;27(7):1310-5. 2006. PMID:16855537.

Suzuki M, Tabuchi M, Ikeda M, Umegaki K, Tomita T. Protective effects of green tea catechins on cerebral ischemic damage. Med Sci Monit. 2004 Jun;10(6):BR166-74. 2004. PMID:15173662.

Tian WX, Li LC, Wu XD, Chen CC. Weight reduction by Chinese medicinal herbs may be related to inhibition of fatty acid synthase. Life Sci. 2004 Mar 26;74(19):2389-99. 2004. PMID:14998716.

Townsend PA, Scarabelli TM, Pasini E, Gitti G, Menegazzi M, Suzuki H, Knight RA, Latchman DS, Stephanou A. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits STAT-1 activation and protects cardiac myocytes from ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis. FASEB J. 2004 Oct;18(13):1621-3. 2004. PMID:15319365.

Tsuneki H, Ishizuka M, Terasawa M, Wu JB, Sasaoka T, Kimura I. Effect of green tea on blood glucose levels and serum proteomic patterns in diabetic (db/db) mice and on glucose metabolism in healthy humans. BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 26;4(1):18. 2004. PMID:15331020.

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Vinson JA, Teufel K, Wu N. Green and black teas inhibit atherosclerosis by lipid, antioxidant, and fibrinolytic mechanisms. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jun 2;52(11):3661-5. 2004. PMID:15161246.

Weinreb O, Mandel S, Amit T, Youdim MB. Neurological mechanisms of green tea polyphenols in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. J Nutr Biochem. 2004 Sep;15(9):506-16. 2004. PMID:15350981.

Wu LY, Juan CC, Ho LT, Hsu YP, Hwang LS. Effect of green tea supplementation on insulin sensitivity in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Feb 11;52(3):643-8. 2004. PMID:14759162.

Wu LY, Juan CC, Hwang LS, Hsu YP, Ho PH, Ho LT. Green tea supplementation ameliorates insulin resistance and increases glucose transporter IV content in a fructose-fed rat model. Eur J Nutr. 2004 Apr;43(2):116-24. 2004. PMID:15083319.

Yang G, Shu XO, Li H, Chow WH, Ji BT, Zhang X, Gao YT, Zheng W. Prospective cohort study of green tea consumption and colorectal cancer risk in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Jun;16(6):1219-23. 2007. PMID:17548688.

Yang YC, Lu FH, Wu JS, Wu CH, Chang CJ. The protective effect of habitual tea consumption on hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Jul 26;164(14):1534-40. 2004. PMID:15277285.

Ying CJ, Sun XF, Zhang SL, Zhang XP, Mao LM, Zuo XZ, Yao P. ROS-related enzyme expressions in endothelial cells regulated by tea polyphenols. Biomed Environ Sci. 2004 Mar;17(1):33-9. 2004. PMID:15202862.

Yun JH, Pang EK, Kim CS, Yoo YJ, Cho KS, Chai JK, Kim CK, Choi SH. Inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and on the formation of osteoclasts. J Periodontal Res. 2004 Oct;39(5):300-7. 2004. PMID:15324350.

Zhang M, Lee AH, Binns CW, Xie X. Green tea consumption enhances survival of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer. 2004 Nov 10;112(3):465-9. 2004. PMID:15382073.

Zhang XH, Andreotti G, Gao YT, Deng J, Liu E, Rashid A, Wu K, Sun L, Sakoda LC, Cheng JR, Shen MC, Wang BS, Han TQ, Zhang BH, Gridley G, Fraumeni JF Jr, Hsing AW. Tea drinking and the risk of biliary tract cancers and biliary stones: a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China. Int J Cancer. 2006 Jun 15;118(12):3089-94. 2006. PMID:16395699.

Forester SC, Gu Y, & Lambert JD. (2012) Inhibition of starch digestion by the green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Molecular nutrition & food research, 56(11), 1647-54. PMID: 23038646